These botanical extracts will help in controlling major pests of tea such as Helopeltis, red spider mite, aphids, thrips, jassid, flushworm, termites, nematodes etc.
These botanical materials can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides. Botanicals like neem, ghora-neem, mahogoni, karanja, adathoda, sweet flag, tobacco, derris, annona, smart weed, bar weed, datura, calotropis, bidens, lantana, chrysanthemum, artemisia, marigold, clerodendrum, wild sunflower and many others may be grown by planters with minimum expense and extracted by indigenous methods. It is estimated that as many as 2121 plant species have been reported to posses’ pest control properties. Biopesticides are secondary metabolites, which include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary chemicals. Biopesticides are natural plant products and may be grown by the planters with minimum cost and extracted by indigenous methods. In this context, biopesticides are being considered as environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, economical and renewable alternatives for use in IPM programmes. As tea is a consumable commodity, the effect of residue of pesticides in made tea is harmful to human health. To combat these problems different groups of pesticides have been used in the tea fields since 1960. About 10-15% crop loss occurred by these pests per annum. Tea production is greatly hindered due to these maladies.
Tea plant is subjected to the attack of insects, mites, nematodes and some plant pathogenic diseases. Tea is a popular beverage made from the leaves of evergreen shrub or tree Camellia sinensis, under the family Theaceae. To use biopesticides effectively and safely, however, users need to know a great deal about managing pests, must carefully follow all label directions concerning any limitations, and wear protective clothing whenever using any insecticide because even those products that are nontoxic can be irritating to skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Preventive, cultural, mechanical, and physical methodsmust be first choice for pest control, and conditions for use of biological material must bedocumented in organic system plan. When used as a component of integrated pest management, organic insecticides can greatly decrease use of conventional pesticides, while crop yields remain high. Organic insecticides generally affect only target pest and closely related organisms, often are effective in very small quantities, decompose quickly thereby resulting in lower exposures and largely avoiding pollution problems. Organic insecticides are usually inherently less toxic in contrast to broad spectrum conventional pesticides that may affect organisms like different birds, insects and mammals. Least toxic insecticides that are labelled as natural or organic products are necessarily harmless to humans or environment, many are quite safe to use and some have hazards associated with them. Most organic insecticides, other than nicotine, have low levels of toxicity in mammals and birds, and create few adverse environmental effects. Botanicalinsecticides include nicotine from tobacco, pyrethrum from chrysanthemums, derris from cabbage, rotenone from beans, sabadilla from lilies, ryania from ryania shrub, limonene from citrus peel, and neem from tropical neem tree. By definition, an organic insecticide is a substance that performs a biocidal action on insects due to nature of its chemical structure. Some of these alternatives are ina category known as organic controls using organic insecticides possessing carbon atoms includingbotanicals, diatomaceous earth, kaolin clay, pesticide soap, detergents and horticulture oils. There aretimes when the growers may resort to pesticides tocontrol a pest invasion, but there are also many nonchemical alternatives. These goals may seem to conflict wheninsects or other pests invading the crops. Owing to the emphasis during these days on environment and health issues, growers aresearching for ways to produce healthy cropswhile still protecting the fragile ecosystems in their ownland. This publication contains a set of facts about specific organic insecticides that can be used in organic plant protection systems and provides background information about the type of material, how it is made, how it works, and types of pests it can control.
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